Latin, the ancient language that served as the foundation of Romance languages like Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian, is known for its complex grammar and rich vocabulary. Learning how to express different prepositions, such as “by,” is essential for mastering Latin. In this guide, we will explore the various ways to say “by” in Latin, both formally and informally, with tips, examples, and a touch of regional variations if relevant.
Table of Contents
Formal Ways to Say “By” in Latin
When it comes to expressing “by” in formal Latin, several options exist. Here are some commonly used and regionally accepted ways:
- Per: This preposition is frequently used to indicate agency or means. It is the most straightforward and versatile option for expressing “by.” For instance:
- Per artem – By art
- Per miraculum – By a miracle
- Per viam – By way of
- A: This preposition implies the agent performing the action and is commonly used in legal contexts. It is often paired with the ablative case. For example:
- A Cicerone – By Cicero (referring to the authorship of Cicero)
- A senatu – By the Senate (indicating a decision made by the Senate)
- Ab: Similar to “a,” this preposition also signifies agency but with a more emphatic tone. It often conveys a sense of “by means of” or “by the action of.” Some examples include:
- Ab homine – By a person (referring to an action performed by an individual)
- Ab urbe condita – From the founding of the city (using “ab” to emphasize the act of founding)
Informal Ways to Say “By” in Latin
While Latin does not have a direct translation for the informal use of “by” as found in everyday conversation, there are ways to express similar meanings with context-specific words or phrases. Here are a few alternatives:
- Mediante: This word is often used to convey the meaning of “by” in informal contexts, particularly when referring to a means or method. For example:
- Mediante amico – By the friend (referring to assistance from a friend)
- Mediante pecunia – By money (indicating something achieved through financial means)
- Inter: Although primarily meaning “between” or “among,” “inter” can sometimes be used in an informal way to imply an indirect method or involvement. For instance:
- Inter homines – Among people (suggesting something done indirectly through social interaction)
Regional Variations in Expressing “By”
Latin, as a language spoken in different regions and across different time periods, exhibits some variations in how “by” is expressed. These regional distinctions often arise from differences in vocabulary or local nuances. While the following variations are not exclusively regional, they may be encountered in specific contexts:
“Propter” is an alternative preposition used in some regional contexts to indicate “by.” It carries a subtle connotation of “through” or “because of.” For example, Propter amorem can be understood as “By reason of love.” However, note that “propter” is not as commonly used as the previously mentioned options and may not be recognized universally.
Tips and Examples
Here are some tips and additional examples to help you understand and apply the different ways to say “by” in Latin:
- Choose the appropriate preposition based on the intended meaning and context.
- Pay attention to the case used with each preposition. The ablative case is often employed to express “by” in Latin.
- Consider the tone and emphasis desired. Some prepositions, like “ab,” lend a stronger sense of agency.
- For a conversational “by” in Latin, employ words or phrases such as “mediante” or “inter” with contextual clarity.
- When encountering regional variations, familiarize yourself with the local usage and ensure it aligns with your intended audience.
Let’s see some further examples:
Per caelum – By the sky
Per amicitiam – By friendship
A domino – By the master (referring to actions guided by someone in authority)
Ab exercitu – By the army (indicating something accomplished through military means)
Mediante ratione – By reasoning
Inter familiares – Among friends
Propter tibi – By means of you
Congratulations! You now have a solid understanding of the various ways to say “by” in Latin, allowing you to express agency, means, and informal involvement in your Latin conversations or writings with confidence.
Remember to refer back to this guide whenever you need a quick reminder, and keep practicing to further strengthen your grasp of Latin prepositions. Vale (Goodbye), and happy language learning!
