से
semeans
Hindi has no single word for "by". For the way you travel or do something use से (se), for who did it in formal writing use द्वारा (dvārā), and for a deadline use तक (tak).
Meaning: by means of, by an agent, or by a deadline (preposition)
Ways to say it
| Indian | Romanization | Note |
|---|---|---|
| से | se | means |
| द्वारा | dvārā | formal, agent |
| तक | tak | deadline |
से (se) comes after the noun: बस से (bas se) is "by bus". तक (tak) means "until" or "by" with a time: सोमवार तक (somvār tak) is "by Monday".
Which one should you use?
In everyday speech the doer of a past action is marked with ने (ne) instead of द्वारा (dvārā). द्वारा (dvārā) is common on notices, forms and in news reports.
Did you know?
- Hindi uses postpositions that come after the noun, so से (se) and तक (tak) follow the word they belong to.
Examples in context
- मैं बस से जाता हूँ।main bas se jātā hūn.I go by bus.
- यह रिपोर्ट सोमवार तक चाहिए।yah riporṭ somvār tak chāhie.I need this report by Monday.
- यह पत्र मंत्रालय द्वारा भेजा गया।yah patra mantrālay dvārā bhejā gayā.This letter was sent by the ministry.
Example conversation
Anil asks his colleague Sunita about getting to the office.
- Anilतुम दफ़्तर कैसे आती हो?tum daftar kaise ātī ho?How do you come to the office?
- Sunitaमैं मेट्रो से आती हूँ।main meṭro se ātī hūn.I come by metro.
- Anilठीक है। रिपोर्ट शुक्रवार तक भेज देना।ṭhīk hai. riporṭ shukravār tak bhej denā.Fine. Send the report by Friday.
