Learning how to say “what” in a foreign language is one of the first and most essential phrases to grasp. In Chinese, the word “what” can be expressed in various ways, depending on the formality, context, and even regional variations. In this guide, we will explore both the formal and informal ways to say “what” in Mandarin Chinese and provide you with useful tips and examples to help you navigate this versatile word.
Table of Contents
Formal Ways to Say “What” in Chinese
When you want to use a more formal approach to ask “what” in Chinese, there are two commonly used phrases you can employ:
1. 什么 (shénme)
Example:
你在做什么？ (Nǐ zài zuò shénme?) – What are you doing?
Asking “what” using 什么 (shénme) is the most basic and widely used form. It is suitable for most formal situations, such as in academic, professional, or public settings. This phrase is also commonly used to ask for clarification or repetition.
2. 什么东西 (shénme dōngxi)
Example:
你要买什么东西？ (Nǐ yào mǎi shénme dōngxi?) – What do you want to buy?
In certain formal contexts, you may also hear the phrase 什么东西 (shénme dōngxi) used to express “what.” It is more specific and emphasizes the idea of “something” or “an object.” This form is often used in situations like shopping or when referring to tangible things.
Informal Ways to Say “What” in Chinese
When interacting in casual or informal settings, such as with friends or family, there are several alternatives you can use to say “what” in Chinese:
1. 嘛 (ma)
Example:
你在干嘛？ (Nǐ zài gàn ma?) – What are you up to?
Adding the particle 嘛 (ma) at the end of a question is a common way to convey informality and familiarity. It softens the tone and signifies a friendly or relaxed conversation. This form is especially popular among young people and close acquaintances.
2. 啥 (shá)
Example:
你要吃啥？ (Nǐ yào chī shá?) – What do you want to eat?
The colloquial term 啥 (shá) is a shortened form of 什么 (shénme) and is widely used in informal speech. It is considered more casual and relaxed, so it is best to use it with friends, family, or in informal settings. It’s important to note that in formal situations, using 啥 (shá) may be seen as impolite or uneducated.
Regional Variations
While Mandarin Chinese is the official language in Mainland China, regional variations exist across different Chinese-speaking regions. Here are a few regional variations of how to say “what” in Chinese:
1. 咩 (miē) – Southern Min
Example:
你要做咩？ (Lí beh tsòo miē?) – What do you want to do?
In Southern Min (a variant spoken in Southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia), you may come across the term 咩 (miē) to mean “what.” This variation is specific to the regional dialect and may not be widely understood in other Chinese-speaking areas.
2. 什么嘢 (sí mā yé) – Cantonese
Example:
你係做緊乜嘢呀？ (Lei hai chòj gán múih yé a?) – What are you doing?
In Cantonese (a Chinese dialect primarily spoken in Hong Kong and Guangdong Province), the phrase 什么嘢 (sí mā yé) is commonly used to ask “what.” This form is not in Mandarin Chinese but is essential for those interested in Cantonese language and culture.
Conclusion
Mastering how to say “what” in Chinese is fundamental to effective communication in various contexts. Whether you choose the formal 什么 (shénme) or opt for the informal expressions like 嘛 (ma) and 啥 (shá), understanding the appropriate usage will help you connect better with native Chinese speakers. Remember to adapt your choice based on the formality of the situation.
With these variations in your arsenal, you can confidently ask “what” in Chinese and enhance your language skills. Practice these phrases in different situations to become more proficient, and don’t hesitate to engage native speakers for additional guidance. Enjoy your language learning journey!
