Welcome to our comprehensive guide on expressing “same as above” in footnotes. When referencing a previously mentioned source or idea in footnotes, it is essential to indicate that the same information applies again. We will explore both formal and informal ways of expressing this concept, with additional regional variations where applicable. Throughout this guide, we will provide numerous tips, examples, and insights to help you navigate this common writing challenge.
Table of Contents
Formal Ways to Say “Same as Above” in Footnotes
When it comes to formal writing, such as academic papers or professional documents, it is crucial to use appropriate language. Here are a few suggestions to convey “same as above” formally:
1. Use “Ibid.”
The abbreviation “Ibid.” (short for ibidem, meaning “in the same place”) can be used in footnotes to indicate that the reference is the same as the previous one.
Example:
In his book The Art of Exploration, Smith discusses the challenges faced by early explorers.[1]
1. Smith, John. The Art of Exploration, p. 73. Ibid.
2. Use “Same author, same year.”
If you need to cite multiple works from the same author in the same year, you can use this method.
Example:
2. Gray, Taylor. The Power of Imagination, 2019, p. 45.
3. Gray, Taylor. Unlocking Creativity, 2019, p. 74. Same author, same year.
3. Employ concise referencing.
Paraphrase or provide a shortened version of the previous citation when space is limited.
Example:
4. Brown, Rebecca. The Influence of Technology, p. 103.
5. Brown, Rebecca. The Influence of Technology, p. 128 (same source, p. 103).
Informal Ways to Say “Same as Above” in Footnotes
While formal writing requires specific conventions, informal writing allows for more relaxed language usage. Here are a few informal alternatives suitable for blogs, personal writing, or casual articles:
1. Use phrases like “As previously mentioned” or “As stated earlier.”
These expressions indicate that the idea has been discussed before.
Example:
7. As previously mentioned, food preferences vary greatly by region.[2]
2. Use “Ditto” or “Ditto marks.”
Though more informal, “ditto” or ditto marks (“) can be used to represent “same as above.”
Example:
8. Johnson, Mark. The Power of Positive Thinking, p. 20.”
9. Johnson, Mark. The Power of Positive Thinking, p. 30. Ditto.
Tips and Considerations
Here are some important tips and considerations to keep in mind when dealing with footnotes and referencing previously mentioned sources:
1. Consistency is key.
Follow consistent citation styles throughout your document to maintain clarity and avoid confusion.
2. Prioritize the reader’s understanding.
Ensure your chosen method is easily understood by your target audience. When in doubt, opt for clearer options.
3. Adapt to specific style guides.
Some academic disciplines or publications have specific citation guidelines. Always check the relevant style guide for any specific requirements.
Conclusion
Expressing “same as above” in footnotes may vary based on the formality of your writing or the specific style guide you follow. By utilizing the techniques provided in this guide, such as “Ibid.,” “same author, same year,” or using informal phrases like “As previously mentioned,” you can confidently reference previously cited sources while maintaining a consistent and clear approach throughout your writing. Remember, the key is to prioritize readability and adhere to the conventions of your chosen writing style.
