Welcome to our comprehensive guide on how to say keigo, the polite language used in Japan. Whether you are planning a trip, studying Japanese, or simply curious about Japanese customs, understanding keigo is essential for effective communication. In this guide, we will explore both formal and informal ways of using keigo, provide useful tips, offer numerous examples, and touch upon regional variations where applicable. Let’s dive in!
Table of Contents
Formal Keigo
In Japanese, formal keigo, also known as “sonkeigo,” is used to show respect towards the listener or the person being talked about. It is commonly used in business, official settings, and when addressing someone of higher social status or seniors. Formal keigo is characterized by honorific prefixes, verb conjugations, and respectful phrases. Here are some fundamental aspects:
Honorific Prefixes
When using formal keigo, adding honorific prefixes to people’s names is crucial. For example:
- Sama (様): Used to show utmost respect, especially in business settings, when referring to customers or esteemed individuals. Example: Tanaka-sama (田中様).
- Sensei (先生): Commonly used to address teachers, professors, doctors, and other professionals. Example: Suzuki-sensei (鈴木先生).
- San (さん): The most widely used honorific suffix, it is more neutral and respectful than the others. Example: Yamamoto-san (山本さん).
Verb Conjugations
Verbs used in formal keigo undergo specific conjugations to convey politeness and respect:
- Teineigo: This conjugation replaces the standard “-masu” form of verbs. Example: tabemasu (食べます) becomes tabemasu (食べません).
- Kudasai: Adding “kudasai” to the end of a verb expresses a polite request. Example: tabemasu (食べます) becomes tabemashite kudasai (食べましてください).
- Nasaimasu: Using “nasaimasu” instead of the regular “-masu” form increases politeness. Example: iimasu (言います) becomes iimasu (申します).
Respectful Phrases
When speaking formally, incorporating respectful phrases enhances your keigo usage:
Osoreirimasu: This phrase is used to express utmost respect, similar to “I humbly apologize.” Example: “Osoreirimasu ga, chotto eikaiwa o oshiete itadakemasu ka?” (恐れ入りますが、ちょっと英会話を教えていただけますか？)
Informal Keigo
Informal keigo, often referred to as “kenjōgo,” is used in casual situations and with friends, family, or colleagues of lower status. While it still maintains politeness, the language is less strict than formal keigo. Here are some aspects to consider:
Polite Verb Forms
Using humble verb forms is common in informal keigo to show respect to the listener. Instead of the regular “-masu” form, the “masu” is replaced with “masen” or “nai.” Example: tabemasu (食べます) becomes tabemasen (食べません).
Avoiding Honorific Prefixes
In informal settings, honorific prefixes are often omitted, especially when addressing friends or family members. Example: Using “Yamamoto-san” (山本さん) in formal keigo transitions to simply “Yamamoto” (山本) in informal keigo.
Casual Phrases
While remaining polite, you can incorporate casual phrases to enhance your informal keigo:
Dōzo: This phrase can be translated as “please” or “go ahead.” Example: “Dōzo yoroshiku onegaishimasu” (どうぞよろしくお願いします) means “Please take care of me.”
Tips for Proper Keigo Usage
1. Understand the Context:
Keigo usage heavily depends on the context and the relationship between individuals. Pay attention to the setting, the status of the person you are addressing, and the level of formality required.
2. Learn Set Phrases:
Memorizing common set phrases and honorific expressions will help you navigate various situations. Practice using them to become comfortable with keigo.
3. Observe Native Speakers:
Observing how native speakers use keigo in real-life situations can provide valuable insights. Absorb their usage patterns, intonation, and non-verbal cues.
4. Be Mindful of Tone:
Keigo is not only about the words you use but also the tone of your voice. Maintain a calm, respectful, and warm tone to enhance your polite communication.
Conclusion
Congratulations! You now have a solid understanding of how to say keigo, both in formal and informal settings. Remember, keigo is an essential part of Japanese culture and mastering its usage will greatly enhance your ability to interact effectively in Japanese society. Practice, observe, and always be mindful of the context. By incorporating keigo into your conversations, you will earn respect and build stronger connections with native Japanese speakers. Enjoy your journey of learning and exploring the richness of the Japanese language!
